In 2005, Frontex, the EU's external border control agency, was launched, and
with it 'Fortress Europe' was born. Eight years on, it has transformed the
continent's land and sea borders, co-ordinating an enormous growth in
border control measures. It has pioneered the use of 'remote borders',
pushing the responsibility for migration control into Africa and Asia. But
have the millions spent on constructing these walls around Europe deterred
migrants or simply pushed the most vulnerable into ever more dangerous
situations?
Harriet Grant, Claire Provost and Paddy Allen
theguardian.com, Monday 13 January 2014